Which disease is characterized by increased intraocular pressure?

Glaucoma is specifically characterized by increased intraocular pressure (IOP). This condition occurs when the drainage of aqueous humor from the eye is obstructed, leading to elevated pressure that can damage the optic nerve. If left untreated, glaucoma can result in vision loss. There are various types of glaucoma; the most common being open-angle glaucoma, which develops slowly and often goes unnoticed until significant damage has occurred. Monitoring IOP is crucial in diagnosing and managing glaucoma, highlighting the importance of this aspect in optometric practice.

The other conditions listed do not primarily involve increased intraocular pressure. Cataracts pertain to the clouding of the lens, which affects vision but does not directly involve IOP. Macular degeneration involves the deterioration of the central portion of the retina, also unrelated to intraocular pressure. Astigmatism is a refractive error caused by an irregular shape of the cornea or lens, affecting how light is focused on the retina, rather than being linked to pressure changes within the eye.